Hang Tuah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Untuk filem, lihat Hang Tuah (filem).
Hang Tuah ialah seorang pahlawan legenda berbangsa Melayu pada masa pemerintahan Kesultanan Melaka di abad ke-15 (Kesultanan Melayu Melaka) bermula pada 1400-1511.[1]Menurut rekod sejarah, beliau lahir di Kampung Sungai Duyong, Melaka, kira-kira dalam tahun 1444. Bapanya bernama Hang Mahmud manakala ibunya pula ialah Dang Merdu Wati. Bapanya juga pernah menjadi hulubalang istana yang handal suatu ketika dulu, begitulah juga ibunya yang merupakan keturunan dayang di istana. Hang Tuah ialah Laksamana yang terkenal dengan kesetiaannya kepada Sultan dan merupakan petarung silat yang amat handal dan tiada tolok bandingnya.
Hang Tuah telah berjaya membunuh seorang pendekar Jawa bernama Taming Sari. Dalam pertarungan itu, Taming Sari yang merupakan seorang pendekar yang kebal yang tidak dapat dilukakan. Tetapi Hang Tuah mengetahui bahawa kekebalan Taming Sari terletak pada kerisnya. Oleh itu, Hang Tuah berjaya merampas keris berkenaan dan membunuh Taming Sari. Keris itu kemudiannya dianugerahkan oleh Betara Majapahit kepada Hang Tuah. Pemilik keris ini akan turut menjadi kebal seperti pendekar Jawa Taming Sari.[perlu rujukan]
Melor dan Hang Tuah dihukum bunuh kerana difitnah berzina dengan Melor yang telah menjadi gundik Sultan. Namun, hukuman mati tidak dilaksanakan oleh Bendahara sebaliknya Hang Tuah disembunyikannya di sebuah hutan di Hulu Melaka.
Hang Jebat sebagai sahabat karib Hang Tuah, menyangka bahawa Hang Tuah telah teraniaya dan telah menjalani hukuman mati. Hang Jebat (menurut Hikayat Hang Tuah) atau Hang Kasturi (menurut Sejarah Melayu), bertindak derhaka kepada Sultan dan mengambil alih istana. Tidak ada pendekar atau panglima di Melaka yang dapat menentang Hang Jebat (atau Hang Kasturi) yang telah menjadi kebal kerana adanya keris Taming Sari di tangannya.
Dalam pertarungan yang sedih ini, Hang Jebat telah cuba membela sahabatnya yang telah difitnah. Namun begitu, Hang Tuah telah membantu sultan yang sebelum itu menghukumnya tanpa sebarang alasan. Sedangkan Abu Bakar Siddiq R.A juga berkata kepada orang Muslim bahawa jika dia bersalah, rakyat boleh menjatuhkannya. Ternyata, kesilapan Hang Tuah yang tidak berfikir bahawa Allah S.W.T lebih berkuasa dari sultan dan memang tidak salah Hang Jebat cuba menegakkan kebenaran. Tragedi ini masih menjadi perbalahan orang melayu sampai sekarang.
Mahsuri
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Mahsuri binti Pandak Maya merupakan seorang gadis kelahiran Pulau Langkawi. Beliau dilahirkan oleh pasangan Pandak Maya dan Mak Andam pada penghujung kurun ke-18 Masihi di Kampung Ulu Melaka, Langkawi. Mahsuri turut digelar sebagai Puteri Mahsuri dan dengan jolokan Puteri Langkawi.
Kehidupan dan sejarah Mahsuri telah dilitupi lagenda pulau tersebut yang sememangnya terkenal dengan lagenda dan kisah rakyatnya. Kisah yang paling popular tentang kehidupan beliau adalah ketika saat akhir sebelum beliau dibunuh yang hingga kini dijadikan sebagai bahan untuk persembahan teater bangsawan hinggalah kepada cerita kanak-kanak.
Kehidupan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Fitnah[sunting | sunting sumber
]Atas sebab itu, Mahsuri dan Deramang ditahan dan dijatuhkan hukuman bunuh oleh Dato Pekermajaya abang iparnya sendiri setelah termakan hasutan isterinya. Tanpa menunggu Wan Derus pulang, Mahsuri dan Deramang di bawa ke Padang Matsirat, pusat Langkawi ketika itu, untuk dijatuhkan hukuman. Mahsuri diikat di sebuah batang pokok dan ditikam dengan tombak. Menurut lagenda, tombak yang digunakan tidak dapat menembusi tubuh Mahsuri. Akibat terseksa,Mahsuri mendedahkan bahawa dia hanya dapat ditikam dengan tombak sakti (terdapat pihak yang menyatakan bahawa senjata itu adalah keris) yang terdapat di alang rumahnya.
Kata-kata terakhir Mahsuri amatlah masyhur apabila ia seringkali diulang dalam mana-mana persembahan. Ayat-ayat terakhir Mahsuri adalah berupa sumpahan untuk tidak menghalalkan darahnya jatuh ke bumi kerana beliau mangsa fitnah dan mengutuk pulau Langkawi untuk tidak tenteram dan permai ibarat padang jarak padang tekukur selama tujuh keturunan.
Sumpahan Mahsuri[sunting | sunting sumber]
Seminggu selepas Mahsuri dibunuh, Wan Derus pulang setelah Kedah gagal menewaskan Siam. Selepas mengetahui akan hakikat tentang isterinya, dia kecewa lalu membawa anaknya, Wan Hakim keluar dari Siam. Sejurus itu, tentera Siam menyerang pulau tersebut. Langkawi hancur dan hangus.
Datuk Pekerma Jaya melarikan diri bersama bersama orang kuatnya, Panglima Hitam. Malangnya, Datuk Pekerma Jaya ditangkap oleh tentera Siam di Sungai Langkanah dan diseksa serta dibunuh dengan kejam. Begitu juga dengan Wan Mahura yang dirogol dan disiksa tentera Siam. Anak mereka, Wan Muhamad Ali bergegas pulang dari Pulau Pinang untuk membalas dendam. Kejayaannya mendorong sultan melantiknya sebagai pengganti ayahnya. Walau bagaimanapun, pulau Langkawi tidak pernah makmur kerana kegiatan lanun dan jenayah yang teruk.[2]
Tun Teja
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Tun Teja Ratna Benggala nama penuhnya, anak perempuan tunggal Bendahara Seri Amar Diraja dari Pahang ketika pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Ghaffur Syah, Sultan Pahang ketiga, sezaman dengan Sultan Mahmud Syah, Sultan Melaka ke 8. Tun Teja dikatakan terlalu elok rupa parasnya dan menjadi sebutan orang-orang yang berdagang di Pahang, namun begitu telah pun ditunangkan dengan Sultan Pahang. Khabar kecantikan Tun Teja hingga ke pengetahuan Sultan Mahmud Syah yang ketika itu telah pun kematian isterinya yang pertama, Tun Kecil. Baginda telah menghantar utusan peminangan ke Pahang namun ditolak oleh Bendahara Seri Amar Diraja berikutan pertunangan Tun Teja dengan Sultan Pahang.
Tun Teja disebut dalam dua hikayat Melayu lama, iaitu Hikayat Hang Tuah yang menyatakan Hang Tuahlah yang memujuk Tun Teja lari tetapi dalam Sejarah Melayu ia dikatakan Hang Nadim.
Sri Mersing (filem)
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
| Sri Mersing (filem) | |
|---|---|
| Pengarah | Salleh Ghani |
| Penerbit | Cathay-Keris Film Productions |
| Lakonan | Nordin Ahmad & Latifah Omar |
| Sinematografi | Hitam-putih |
Mula ditayangkan
| 26 April 1961 (55 tahun) [1] |
| Negara | Singapura |
| Bahasa | Bahasa Melayu |
Filem Sri Mersing merupakan sebuah filem Melayu yang diterbitkan di Singapura pada tahun 1961. Filem Sri Mersing diterbitkan dalam bentuk filem hitam putih tanpa warna.
Filem Sri Mersing diarah oleh pengarah Salleh Ghani
Ringkasan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Ia mengisahkan mengenai Damaq, seorang pendatang yang memulakan hidup baru di kampung lain. Dia merupakan seorang yang jujur dan ikhlas. Apabila Damaq menyelamatkan Sri, gadis cantik dikampung itu, dia terpaksa berlawan dengan Awang Sulung. Sungguhpun kalah, Awang membuat fitnah yang memaksa Damaq keluar dari kampung tersebut.
Ayah Sri, Pak Malau mendapat tahu bahawa Awanglah sebenarnya yang menjadi dalang disebalik kehilangan Sri. Walaupun Pak Malau cuba memujuk Damaq dan keluarganya dari pergi, Damaq tetap pergi dari kampung tersebut.
Hang Nadim
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Dalam Hikayat Sulalatus Salatin atau Sejarah Melayu karya Tun Seri Lanang, Hang Nadim adalah seorang kanak-kanak lelaki yang mempunyai kebijaksanaan yang tinggi dalam menyelamatkan Temasek (kini lebih dikenali dengan Singapura) daripada serangan sekumpulan besar ikan todak; bahasa Inggeris: (spearfish). Beliau merupakan salah seorang karakter penting dalam cerita lagenda Melayu Singapura Dilanggar Todak.
Background[edit]
In the Sejarah Melayu, the boy who saved Temasek from the swordfishes is not given a name. The name Hang Nadim was only given to the character after later adaptions of the story publicized by popular culture.
Hang Nadim is the name of a character in the Sejarah Melayu, however that character appears in a different chapter and is unrelated to the story of the boy who saved Temasek from the swordfishes.
It is mentioned in the traditional accounts that the attacks were a curse because the reigning Maharaja had ordered the death of a pious man from Pasei called Tun Jana Khateb.
Solution[edit]
The initial plan of the raja to counter the attacks was to have his men form a barrier of legs along the shores of Temasek to protect the country but the number of swordfish were too numerous and it only cost more lives to be lost. After which, among the people, Hang Nadim spoke up and advised the ruler of Temasek, the Maharaja, to build the barrier with banana stems instead. The effort was successful as the swordfishes' snouts were trapped by the barricade of stems.
According to legend, the place, Tanjong Pagar in modern-day Singapore, takes its name from the barricade. In the Malay language, tanjong pagar or tanjung pagar means "cape of stakes".
Backlash[edit]
The Maharaja was furious because he had been outwitted by a boy. So he decided to hire assassins to murder the boy. The boy lived on top of a hill so that night, the assassins murdered him in his sleep and all of his blood flowed into the hill, thus the name Bukit Merah (Malay for red hill).
Capture of Malacca - PORTUGESE[edit]
Further information: Capture of Malacca (1511)
The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah, trouble however quickly ensued.[1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa.[2] The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.[1]
Background[edit]
The first Portuguese references to Malacca appear after Vasco da Gama's return from his expedition to Calicut that opened a direct route to India around the Cape of Good Hope. It was described as a city that was 40 days' journey from India, where clove, nutmeg, porcelains and silks where transactioned, and was supposedly ruled by a sovereign who could gather 10,000 men for war and was Christian.[10] Since then, King Manuel showed an interest in making contact with Malacca, believing it to be at, or at least close to, the antimeridian of Tordesillas.[11] In 1505 Dom Francisco de Almeida was dispatched as the first Viceroy of Portuguese India, tasked to, among other things, discover its precise location.
Dutch conquest of Portuguese Malacca[edit]
In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began the campaign to destroy Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress (the Fortaleza de Malaca), controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from the Dutch Republic with eleven ships, under Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of Martim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Acehnese.
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Type | bilateral treaty |
|---|---|
| Signed | 17 March 1824 |
| Location | London, England, UK |
| Original signatories | UK Netherlands |
| Ratifiers | UK Netherlands |
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, also known as the Treaty of London, was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in London on 17 March 1824. The treaty was to resolve disputes arising from the execution of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. For the Dutch, it was signed by Hendrik Fagel and Anton Reinhard Falck and for the UK, George Canning and Charles Watkin Williams Wynn.
Contents
[hide]History[edit]
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as well as issues regarding the rights to trade that existed for hundreds of years in the Spice Islands between the two nations, was a treaty that addressed a wide array of issues and did not clearly describe the limitations of expansion by either side in the Malay world. The British establishment of Singapore on the Malay Peninsula in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles exacerbated the tension between the two nations, especially as the Dutch claimed that the treaty signed between Raffles and the Sultan of Johore was invalid, and that the Sultanate of Johore was under the Dutch sphere of influence. The questions surrounding the fate of Dutch trading rights in British India and formerly Dutch possessions in the area also became a point of contention between Calcutta and Batavia. In 1820, under pressures from British merchants with interests in the Far East, negotiations to clarify the situation in Southeast Asia started.
Negotiations between Canning and Fagel started on 20 July 1820. The Dutch were adamant on the British abandonment of Singapore. Indeed, Canning was unsure of the exact circumstances under which Singapore was acquired, and at first, only non-controversial issues such as free-navigation rights and the elimination of piracy were agreed upon. Discussions on the subject were suspended on 5 August 1820, and did not resume until 1823, by which time the commercial value of Singapore was well-recognized by the British. The negotiations resumed on 15 December 1823, by which time the discussion became centred around the establishment of clear spheres of influence in the region. The Dutch, realising that the growth of Singapore could not be curbed, pressed for an exchange in which they abandoned their claims north of the Strait of Malacca and its Indian colonies in exchange for the confirmation of their claims south of the strait, as well as the British colony of Bencoolen. The final treaty was signed on 23 March 1824 by Fagel and Canning.
Battle of Pasir Panjang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Preparations[edit]
The 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, comprising the British 2nd Loyal Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Mordaunt Elrington, the 1st Malaya Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J. R. G. Andre, consisting of less than three sections of the Mortar Platoon, Anti-Aircraft Platoon with the Bren Gun Carrier Platoon under Captain R. R. C. Carter held in reserve. They were tasked with defending the approach to Pasir Panjang ridge, known as The Gap.[2] The 44th Indian Brigade were on their right flank.
A Malay platoon, consisting of 42 men, commanded by 2nd Lieutenant Adnan Saidi, was holding part of the defences of Bukit Chandu. He and his men would take the brunt of the Japanese assault.
Owing to the failure of units on both its flanks to hold their ground, the 1st Malay Brigade withdrew at 2.30pm. It was at this point that C Company of the Malay Regiment received instructions to move to a new defence position, Bukit Chandu.
The Japanese pressed their attack on Bukit Chandu in the afternoon, but under the guise of a deception. They sent a group of soldiers, dressed in Punjabi uniforms, passing themselves off as Indian soldiers in the British army. C Company saw through this trick as they knew that soldiers of the British army usually marched in a line of three whereas the disguised soldiers were in a line of four. When they reached the Malay Regiment's defensive line, C Company's squad opened fire, killing several men. Those who survived escaped downhill.
Last stand[edit]
Two hours later, the Japanese launched an all-out banzai charge in great numbers. The attack overwhelmed the Malay Regiment, and the defence line shattered. Greatly outnumbered and short of ammunition(there were only a few hand grenades left and not much rifle ammunition) and much-needed supplies(such as medication and bandages), the Malay Regiment continued to resist the Japanese. Both sides engaged in fierce hand-to-hand combat using bayonets. Adnan was seriously wounded but refused to retreat or surrender and instead encouraged his men to fight to the end.[6][7]
Soon after, Pasir Panjang was under Japanese control, and Adnan, wounded and unable to fight, was captured. Instead of taking him prisoner, the Japanese continuously kicked, punched and beat him before tying him to a tree and stabbing him to death with their bayonets (some sources claim that Adnan was brutally beaten up before being thrown into a tied-up gunny sack, which was then stabbed repeatedly by his Japanese captors).[8
Aftermath[edit]
| “ | The Malay Regiment showed what esprit de corps and discipline can achieve. Garrisons of posts held their ground and many of them were wiped out almost to a man. | ” |
| — Lieutenant General Arthur Percival | ||
The battle of Pasir Panjang had little strategic significance. From a purely military operational perspective, the Battle of Pasir Panjang could not change the outcome of the fate of Singapore and it was a matter of time before the British would surrender to the Japanese 25th Army. The Allied units stationed there were simply tasked with defending the approach to the ridge, but instead had to resist the main invasion force. Opium Hill itself is situated on high ground overlooking the island to the north; and it control the direct passage to the Alexandra area where the British army had its main ammunition and supply depots, military hospital and other key installations located in the Alexandra area. The fall of Opium Hill allow Japan access to Alexandra area, indirectly contribute to Alexandra Hospital massacre.
Adnan Saidi is described by many Singaporeans and Malaysians today as a hero for his actions on Bukit Chandu—he encouraged his men not to surrender and instead fight to the death. In Singaporean and Malaysian school textbooks, he is also credited as the soldier who noticed the error in the marching style of the Japanese soldiers disguised as Indian troops.
However after his death. There are still continued fighting after the British signing of surrender of Singapore to the Empire of Japan at 6.10pm on 15th February 1942, Chinese New Year. In area around Alexandra Hospital, Tanjong Pagar and Pulau Belakang Mati (Sentosa) where some of the Malay Regiments re-groups
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Battle of Mogadishu | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Operation Gothic Serpent and the Somali Civil War | |||||||
 CW3 Michael Durant's helicopter Super Six-Four above Mogadishu on 3 October 1993. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Somali National Alliance (SNA)Al-Qaeda[1] | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 William F. Garrison | Mohamed Farrah Aidid | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Initially: 160 men 12 vehicles (9 Humvees, 3 M939 trucks) 19 aircraft (16 helicopters – 8 Black Hawks and 8 Little Birds) | 4,000–6,000 militiamen and civilian fighters | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| U.S. 18 killed, 73 wounded, 1 captured 2 UH-60 Black Hawks shot down[5][6] Malaysia 1 killed, 7 wounded Pakistan 1 killed, 2 wounded | SNA Militia and civilians 200–315 killed (per ICRC)[7][8] 300–500 killed (per U.N.)[9] 315 killed (133 militiamen), 812 wounded (per SNA)[8][10] 350 killed, 500 wounded (per U.S.)[9] 500 killed (per neutral Somalis)[9] | ||||||
| |||||||
The Battle of Mogadishu or Day of the Rangers (Somali: Maalintii Rangers), was part of Operation Gothic Serpent and was fought from 3–4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States--supported by UNOSOM II--and Somali militiamen loyal to the self-proclaimed president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid, who had support from armed civilian fighters. The battle is also referred to as the First Battle of Mogadishu, to distinguish it amongst the nine major Battles of Mogadishu during the decades long Somali Civil War.
The exact number of Somali casualties is unknown, but estimates range from several hundred to over a thousand militiamen and others killed,[12][13] with injuries to another 3,000–4,000.[14] The International Committee of the Red Cross estimated 200 Somali civilians killed and several hundred wounded in the fighting,[15] with reports that some civilians attacked the Americans.[16]The book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War estimates more than 700 Somali militiamen dead and more than 1,000 wounded, but the Somali National Alliance in a Frontline documentary on American television acknowledged only 133 killed in the whole battle.[17] The Somali casualties were reported in The Washington Post as 312 killed and 814 wounded.[6] The Pentagon initially reported five American soldiers were killed,[18] but the toll was actually 18 American soldiers dead and 73 wounded. Two days later, a 19th soldier, Delta operator SFC Matt Rierson, was killed in a mortar attack. Among U.N. forces, one Malaysian and one Pakistani died; seven Malaysians and two Pakistanis were wounded. At the time, the battle was the bloodiest involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War and remained so until the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004.
Known casualties[edit]
Pakistan[edit]
A Pakistani soldier was killed and two were wounded during the rescue attempt and assault. Tanks of 6 Lancer Regiment and 19 Lancer Regiment were used for the rescue. The soldier killed was from 19 Lancer Regiment manning a 12.7 mm turret gun.[59][verification needed]
Malaysia[edit]
Lance Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was an 18 year old soldier of the 19th Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment of the Malaysian Army (posthumously promoted to Corporal). Driving a Malaysian Condor armoured personnel carrier, he was killed when his vehicle was hit by an RPG on 3 October.[37] Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was awarded the Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa medal (Gallant Warrior/Warrior of Extreme Valor).[42][60]
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