The 13 chapters[edit]
The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").
| Chapter | Lionel Giles (1910) | R.L. Wing (1988) | Ralph D. Sawyer (1996) | Chow-Hou Wee (2003) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Laying Plans | The Calculations | Initial Estimations | Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計，始计) |
| II | Waging War | The Challenge | Waging War | Waging War (Chinese: 作戰，作战) |
| III | Attack by Stratagem | The Plan of Attack | Planning Offensives | Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻，谋攻) |
| IV | Tactical Dispositions | Positioning | Military Disposition | Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形，军形) |
| V | Use of Energy | Directing | Strategic Military Power | Forces (Chinese: 兵勢，兵势) |
| VI | Weak Points and Strong | Illusion and Reality | Vacuity and Substance | Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實，虚实) |
| VII | Maneuvering an Army | Engaging The Force | Military Combat | Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭，军争) |
| VIII | Variation of Tactics | The Nine Variations | Nine Changes | Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變，九变) |
| IX | The Army on the March | Moving The Force | Maneuvering the Army | Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍，行军) |
| X | Classification of Terrain | Situational Positioning | Configurations of Terrain | Terrain (Chinese: 地形) |
| XI | The Nine Situations | The Nine Situations | Nine Terrains | The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地) |
| XII | Attack by Fire | The Fiery Attack | Incendiary Attacks | Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻) |
| XIII | Use of Spies | The Use of Intelligence | Employing Spies | Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間，用间) |
Quotations[edit]
Chinese[edit]
Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the last verse of Chapter 3:
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:
English[edit]
Common examples can also be found in English use, such as verse 18 in Chapter 1:
This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb:
deception
/dɪˈsɛpʃən/
noun
1.
the act of deceiving or the state of being deceived
2.
something that deceives; trick
Related forms
nondeception, noun
predeception, noun
This are example of ancient Chinese people fighting their war..some of their tactics,maneuver,pattern of war can be learn,practice,apply in modern world but some of their principle totally out of date.
Principle of war by sun tzu...some are apply during communism..
a.Surprise
b.concentration,me-must be in depth
c.strike first.me-delibrate
d.wait 4 it.me-not applicable
e.rationslize,me-not applicable
f.dare.
g.DESTROY WHEN EN RETREAT
h.HARASSMENT,SABOTAGE at ALL TIME BEFORE FINAL ASSAULT
2. To survive from the enemy......men by virtue... the almighty god ask men to lead,defence and protect of human life at whatever cost.Men must have knowledge...idea....ability/capability......instinct....predict....guts...solution.....even contingency plan to stay alive from brutal and inhuman enemy.
Mamayev Kurgan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The height of the hill is 14 m. The main monument “Motherland calls” is situated on the top of it. This woman with a sword in a hand calls her sons to defend their Motherland. The height of this sculpture is 85 m. (52 m. is the height of Motherland, the length of the hand – 20 m, of the sword – 29 m). The weight of the sculpture is 8 thousand tons.
Very few spots on earth could lay claim to the shear loss of life experienced on it than Mamayev Kurgan, originally a 100 metro Tartar burial mound it became the focal point for the German Sixth Army’s attack on Stalingrad city centre. Originally captured briskly by the Germans on September 13th 1942, the very next day it was the site of a huge Soviet counterattack from 13th Guards Rifle Division which by September 16th had recaptured the hill. The cost was almost all of the 10,000 men that had went in two days previously. Over the next few weeks, the hill changed hands time and time again. So fierce was the fighting atop Mamayev Kurgen that at the battles end there would be around a thousand pieces of shrapnel and bone per square metro, the hill itself so scorched by shelling and gunfire that grass hadn’t even begun to grow almost a year later. In fact what was once a hill had become almost completely flattened during the numerous attempts to capture and hold it. In a poignant example of the horrors of war, in an excavation of the area in 1944 at the beginning of Soviet restoration, two soldiers from either side were found who having impaled the other with a bayonet to the chest, were then buried by an exploding shell, preserved amidst a battle that ended over a year previously.
3.Battle of stalingrad
a.the german attack stalled/halt bcoz soviet reinforcement/resupply...of men,wpn,food,fuel etc
b.the extreme weather condition - very cold winter
c.resupply line very-very far frrom germany to stalingrad......seldom be ambush by soviet and the luftwaffe plane only can deliver limited aircargo.
e. good sniper
f. those who capture hill...have advantage to hold ground...in mamayev kurgan-the hill change hands of both side...several time....
Korean War
1 / 61
4.Battle of changjin reservoir-korean war
.......SAME GOES DURING KOREAN WAR....THERE IS BRIDGE SOMEWHERE BETWEEN YALU RIVER...CHANGE HANDS 12TIME BY NORTH COMUNIST AND SOUTH KOREA BACK BY AMERICA......2 b edit
5. Battle of Nakdong river...
First Battle of Naktong Bulge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The First Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War from August 5–19, 1950 in the vicinity of Yongsan (Yeongsan, Changnyeong county) and the Naktong River in South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the United States after large numbers of US reinforcements destroyed an attacking North Korean division.
Second Battle of Naktong Bulge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Second Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United Nations (UN) and North Korean (NK) forces early in the Korean War from September 1 to September 15, 1950, along the Naktong River in South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States (US) and Republic of Korea (ROK) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack.
After the First Battle of Naktong Bulge, the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division was moved to defend the Naktong River line. The division, which was untried in combat, was struck with a strong attack by several divisions of the Korean People's Army which crossed the river and struck all along the division's line. The force of the attack split the US 2nd Infantry Division in half, and the North Koreans were able to penetrate to Yongsan, promoting a fight there.
AHMAD SHAH MASSOUD
5. Repel 9th time of pansjeer valley operation by soviet
The Panjshir offensives (Russian: Панджшерские операции - Panjsher Operations) were a series of battles between the Soviet Army and groups of Afghan Mujahideen under Ahmad Shah Massoud for the control of the strategic Panjshir Valley, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the period from 1980 to 1985.
These battles saw some of the most violent fighting of the whole war, during the nine campaigns launched, coordinated Soviet assaults would regularly drive out the Mujahideen from the valley but they would return as soon as the Soviets left.
A Strategic Objective
The Panjshir Valley lies 70 km north of Kabul, in the Hindu Kush mountains close to the Salang Pass, which connects Kabul to the northern areas of Afghanistan and further on to Uzbekistan, then part of the Soviet Union. In June 1979, an insurrection led by Ahmed Shah Massoud expelled all government forces, and the valley became a guerrilla stronghold. From the Panjshir, Mujahideen groups frequently carried out ambushes against Soviet convoys bringing supplies to the 40th Army stationed in Afghanistan. The Salang Pass became a dangerous area, and Soviet truck drivers were even awarded decorations for having successfully crossed it.[1]The pressure on the logistic system determined the Soviet command to try and dislodge the rebels.
Soviet Strategy
Soviet offensives into the Panjshir Valley had three main tactical features. There was (1) the concentration of air assets, including extensive aerial bombardment of a target area followed by (2) the landing of helicopter forces to stop the withdrawal of enemy forces and engage the enemy from unexpected directions and (3) a drive by of mechanized forces into areas of guerrilla support in conjunction with the helicopter landing parties.[2] It was these kinds of tactics that caused so much destruction in the civilian populations in these regions. By forcing the mass migration of civilians from the Panjshir Valley and destroying all crops and livestock, the Soviets hoped to deprive Ahmad Shah Massoud of resources to sustain his full-time fighters.
Shortcomings of Soviet Strategy
This tactic had some success as Massoud was forced to sign a cease fire treaty in January 1983 that would last for one year in order to rebuild his organization.[3] The bottom line though was that these victories were very temporary. There were serious issues with this tactic of large punitive offensives that contributed to the stalemate that characterized the war. Mujahideen forces would often learn of coming offensives in advance from their compatriots in the DRA army. Not only could civilians and guerrillas move safely out of the way of the majority of the bombs but guerrillas could also plan ambushes, lay mines, and move weapons caches. Once armored personnel carriers and helicopters came the guerrillas would retreat into the side valleys and carry out small ambushes rather than openly confront the Soviets.
Timeline
Panjshir I - September, 1980[4] [5]
Panjshir II - October, 1980
Panjshir III - March 3–4, 1981
The first three offensives were small-scale operations, involving only four battalions. The Mujahideen, who weren't strong enough to confront the Soviet army in the open, blended in with the local population and generally waited until the Soviets had left to resume their activities.
Panjshir IV - September 6, 1981
By this time, Massoud had mustered enough men to openly resist the Soviet assault. During this offensive, to avoid losing vehicles to land mines, the Soviets sent their sapper units to clear the way in front of the main force. This tactic proved costly, and the attack force penetrated only 25 km into the valley before retiring, after having suffered 100 casualties.[6]
Panjshir V - May 16, 1982
The first major offensive was carried out by a force of 12,000 soldiers under the command of General N.G. Ter-Grigoryan supported by 104 helicopters and 26 airplanes.[7] The main assault began on the night of May 16, after an intense aviation and artillery bombardment. While motorized rifle battalions, preceded by reconnaissance units, attacked the dominating features at the entrance of the valley, airborne units were airlifted by helicopter behind the main Mujahideen defenses. In all, 4,200 troops were airlifted into the valley to capture strategic points, right up to the Pakistani border, in an effort to cut the Mujahideen supply lines. In some areas the fighting was intense: when a Soviet paratrooper regiment landed east of Rukha, it was quickly encircled and suffered significant losses. The beleaguered paratroopers were saved only by the arrival of a motorised rifle battalion led by Major Aushev, who forced his way through the Mujahideen defenses, consisting of well-located strong points, and captured Rukha. For his actions, Aushev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.[7]
Massoud, who expected an attack similar to the previous ones, had disposed his defenses close to the entrance of the valley, and was thus unable to prevent the Soviets from gaining footholds in the Panjshir. They established three main bases at Rukha, Bazarak and Anava. Most of the Mujahideen had survived the attack and Massoud divided them into small, mobile groups that fought the Soviets all down the valley.
During this offensive, the Soviets managed to occupy a large part of the Panjshir and scored some successes against Massoud's organization, such as the capture of a list of the names of 600 of his agents in Kabul.[8] However, most of the rebels had escaped capture, and this was not the decisive victory the Soviets had been hoping for. Also, their heavily fortified bases only gave them control over the valley floor, while the surrounding heights were still held by the Mujahideen. For this reason they decided to launch a sixth offensive.
Panjshir VI - August - September, 1982
The sixth offensive consisted of a series of sweeps conducted by motorized units and by airborne Spetsnaz units, launched from their bases in the Panjshir, to find and destroy the Mujahideen hideouts. It was accompanied by a heavy aerial bombardment of villages suspected of harbouring rebel groups, notably carried out by Tu-16 bombers flying from inside the Soviet Union. Airborne Troops carried out search and destroy missions, encircling Massoud's mobile units and destroying some of them. However, as a rule attrition among the Mujahideen was low,[9] and the brunt of the attacks fell on the civilian population, who suffered heavily, many of them preferring to flee the valley.
Despite bitter fighting, the Soviets were unable to eradicate the Mujahideen, and the battle soon developed into a stalemate. During the 5th and 6th offensives the Soviets suffered up to 3,000 casualties, and 1,000 Afghan Army soldiers defected to the Mujahideen.[10]
Once the height of the offensive had passed, many areas captured by the Soviet forces were handed over to Afghan army units, who suffered from low morale and high desertion rates. They were the targets for Massoud's counterattacks. In a series of surprise attacks, several government outposts fell to the rebels. The first was the Afghan Army outpost at Saricha, which the Mujahideen captured along with 80 prisoners and 8 tanks, despite having to cross a minefield.[11] The government post at Birjaman fell soon after, and the Mujahideen were able to recapture some areas in this way. These operations, along with the continued harassment of Soviet garrisons and resupply convoys, proved that the Mujahideen were far from defeated, and convinced the Soviets that they must negotiate a truce with Massoud.
In January 1983, for the first time a ceasefire was concluded between the Soviets and the Mujahideen, lasting 6 months, and later extended. Negotiated by Massoud in person with a colonel of the GRU, Anatoly Tkachev,[7] the agreement stipulated that Soviet troops should evacuate the Panjshir, except for a small garrison at Anava, whose access was controlled by the Mujahideen. The area covered by the ceasefire included the Panjshir valley, but not the Salang pass, where fighting continued.[12]
Massoud took advantage of the truce to extend his influence over areas that had until then been held by hostile factions loyal to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-islami party, like in Andarab District. More peacefully, he took control of the Khost-Fereng sector, and some areas in southern Takhar Province, while establishing contacts with other guerrilla groups in Baghlan Province, and persuading them to adopt his military organisation.[13] He also ordered the strengthening of defenses in five subsidiary valleys as well as in the Panjshir, permitting a defense in depth, and withdrew his headquarters to Shira Mandara, in Takhar province, in anticipation of a renewed assault.
Panjshir VII - April 19 to September 1984
In February 1984, Konstantin Chernenko replaced Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. While Andropov had supported the ceasefire, Chernenko, a disciple of Brezhnev, believed that the guerrillas should be rooted out through military action, an opinion which he shared with Babrak Karmal, president of the DRA. As a result a new offensive was planned, which, in Karmal's words, should be decisive and merciless, and in order to destroy the Panjshir valley bases, all those living there should be killed.[7] It was the largest offensive in the region to date.[14]
However, some Soviets, who were supporters of Andropov, disagreed with this policy, and they gave Massoud advance warning of the attack.[15] Through this channel, and thanks to his agents in the DRA government Massoud had a precise idea of the Soviet plans, and he was able to counter them. To avoid civilian casualties, all 30,000 inhabitants of the Panjshir (from a population of 100,000 before the war) were evacuated to safe areas.[16] Only ambush parties were left to delay the Soviet advance. All the roads, villages and helicopter landing zones were heavily mined. All these preparations were carried out in secret, and a token activity was maintained near the Soviet base at Anava, to deceive the Soviets into believing that a conventional defense was being prepared.
11,000 Soviet and 2,600 Afghan soldiers, under Marshal of the Soviet Union Sergei Sokolov participated in the offensive, supported by 200 airplanes and 190 helicopters. On April 22, after a two-day bombardment of the region by Tu-16, Tu-22M and Su-24 bombers,[17] they advanced rapidly into the Panjshir. Several battalion strength forces were placed at key passes leading out of the Panjshir Valley while at the same time large helicopter troop landings were made in tributary valleys connected to the Panjshir.[18] By blocking the Mujahideen's withdrawal routes and securing the high ground, the Soviets forced them higher into the mountains then they had previously ventured and scattered their strength as they attempted to avoid being trapped by the helicopter landings. Once the strength of Massoud's forces were dealt such a deadly blow, rather than withdrawing from the valley as they had previously done they began setting up a system of forts and posts throughout the main valley while relinquishing control of the side valleys. These tactics proved more effective at rooting out insurgents and breaking up their fighting forces during the offensive but had limited long term success. The forts and outposts along the Panjshir Valley were unable to protect roads and convoys as well as they had hoped and these installations proved attractive targets for the Mujahideen to harass. Much of the valley was occupied, but the Soviets paid a heavy price; many soldiers were killed by mines and in ambushes. During one battle, on April 30 in the Hazara Valley, the 1st Battalion of the 682nd Motor Rifle Regiment was decimated: the losses of Soviet troops were estimated at 60 killed.[19]
For the Soviets, the operation was partly successful - some of the infrastructure of the Mujahideen, created in the time of the truce in 1982-1983, was destroyed. Babrak Karmal completed a propaganda visit to the Panjshir, which for some time had become a safe zone. However, it quickly became apparent that most of Massoud's forces had escaped the onslaught, and were still able to carry out their harassment tactics. Eventually, in September, the Soviet-DRA forces once again evacuated the Panjshir Valley, leaving occupying forces only in the lower Panjshir.[20]
Yousaf and Adkin reported in 1992 that the Soviet forces involved included the 180th Motor Rifle Regiment, battalions of the 66th Motor Rifle Brigade and 191st Motor Rifle Regiment, a regiment of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, a battalion of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, accompanied by Afghan forces including the 8th Division, the 20th Division, and the 37th Commando Brigade.[21] It seems likely that the reference to the '180th Motor Rifle Regiment' refers to the 682nd Motor Rifle Regiment of the 108th Motor Rifle Division, based in Kabul.
Panjshir VIII - September 1984
The 8th offensive was a follow-up to the 7th, involving mostly airborne forces.
Panjshir IX - 16 June 1985
The 9th offensive was carried out in reprisal for the destruction of the DRA garrison at Peshgur, during which Massoud's mobile groups took 500 prisoners including 126 officers and killed a brigadier of the Afghan Army.[22] The prisoners had been marched into the mountains, where the Mujahideen claimed they were killed by a Soviet aerial bombardment, a claim others dubbed suspicious.[14]
Initiated hours after the raid, the Soviet counter-attack installed a new garrison in Peshgur, and pursued the retreating Mujahideen. The group escorting the captured Afghan officers was caught in the open by Soviet helicopters, and in the ensuing fight most of the prisoners were killed, with both sides projecting on each other the responsibility for the incident[23]
Aftermath
In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev announced his intention of withdrawing the Soviet contingent from Afghanistan. From then on the Soviets were mostly concerned with avoiding losses in the Panjshir sector, and they observed a tacit ceasefire: unprovoked shooting by Soviet troops was forbidden, and the Mujahideen refrained from attacking Soviet bases. Despite provocations ordered by Najibullah's government to draw the Soviets into further fighting, the situation generally remained calm, enabling Massoud to carry out his "strategic offensive", capturing much of Baghlan and Takhar provinces. The last Soviet and Afghan troops present in the lower Panjshir were finally evacuated in June 1988.[7]
References
- Turbiville, Graham. "Ambush! The Road War in Afghanistan". http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/ (Foreign Military Studies Office Publications). Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. National Defense University Press. p. 88.
- Urban, Mark (1990). War In Afghanistan. St. Martin's Press. p. 119.
- Urban, M (1988) War in Afghanistan. p.70
- Grau, L. W. (2002) The Soviet-Afhgan War - How a superpower fought and lost. p.31
- Davies, Will & Shariat, Abdullah(2004); Fighting Masoud's war; Lothian books ISBN 0-7344-0590-1, p.168
- Lyakhovskiy, Aleksandr. "Ахмад Шах(Russian)". http://artofwar.ru/. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
- Roy, Olivier(1990); Islam and resistance in Afghanistan; Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-39700-6, p.192
- Roy, p.175
- Baumann, Robert. "Compound War Case Study: The Soviets in Afghanistan". http://www.globalsecurity.org/. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
- Davies & Shariat p.186
- Davies & Shariat p.197
- Roy, p. 200
- Tanner, Stephen. "Afghanistan: A Military History"
- Davies & Shariat p.213
- Roy p.201
- Markovsky, Victor. "Афганистан : применение дальней авиации(In Russian)". http://combatavia.info/. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- Urban, Mark (1990). War In Afghanistan. St. Martin's Press. p. 147.
- Knyazev, Nikolai. "Гибель 1-го батальона 682-го мотострелкового полка 30 апреля 1984 года, ущелье Хазара (Панджшер)(In Russian)". http://artofwar.ru/. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
- Roy p.200
- Brig. Mohammed Yousaf and Mark Adkin, 'The Bear Trap,' Leo Cooper, 1992, 70
- Barry, Michael(2002); Massoud, de l'islamisme à la liberté; Audibert; ISBN 2-84749-002-7, p.228
- Barry; p. 229
Summary native of Tajik....a gifted and bright engineering student like anwar ibrahim...form northern alliance to challence the taliban............2 b con TROY Trojan horse
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
Trojan horse, huge hollow wooden horse constructed by the Greeks to gain entrance into Troy during the Trojan War. The horse was built by Epeius, a master carpenter and pugilist. The Greeks, pretending to desert the war, sailed to the nearby island of Tenedos, leaving behind Sinon, who persuaded the Trojans that the horse was an offering to Athena (goddess of war) that would make Troy impregnable. Despite the warnings of Laocoön and Cassandra, the horse was taken inside the city gates. That night Greek warriors emerged from it and opened the gates to let in the returned Greek army. The story ... (100 of 174 word )
THE TROJAN DEFENCE THE CITY VERY WELL N THE WARS NEARLY 9 YEARS...SO THE GREEK ARMY USE THE BRAIN-IDEA BY SENDING TROJAN HORSE TO OPEN THE FORT GATE AT NIGHT LATER DEFEAT THE TROJAN...in many wars mostly consist of men have to fight..to attack..to defence themdelf fm enemy to stay alive..soldier obey the order fm higher authority..normally from army headquater...much of the decision was made by their superior.....
 |
No comments:
Post a Comment